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1299 Ottoman Empire
1872 Abdul Hamid II
1299 Ottoman Empire
1895 Hamidian massacres
1299 Ottoman EmpireMassacresTurkey
1914 Armenian Genocide
1299 Ottoman EmpireArmeniaGenocide
How were Firmans to export archaeological finds from the Ottoman Empire obtained? What did the Sultan/Ottoman Empire receive in return? Was there any resistance/backlash to issuing these Firmans? : AskHistorianshttps://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/x7aoby/how_were_firmans_to_export_archaeological_finds/
1299 Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire
1299 Ottoman Empire
Why were Egyptians Arabized in a way Iranians and Turks weren't?https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/10w4y63/why_were_egyptians_arabized_in_a_way_iranians_and/
1299 Ottoman EmpireArabsCaliphateEgypt

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1299 Ottoman Empire
Ancient and historical civilizationsHistory of the Middle East